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A pedigree is a chart or diagram that shows the relationships between members of a family of several generations and can be used to study the inheritance of genetic traits or diseases. A pedigree typically includes information about family members,…
A Punnett square is a graphical representation used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes of offspring resulting from a cross between two parent organisms. It is named after Reginald Punnett, who developed the technique in the early 20th century.…
A reciprocal cross is an experimental technique used in genetics to determine whether the inheritance of a particular trait is affected by the sex of the parent carrying the gene. In a reciprocal cross, two-parent organisms are crossed in two…
Genes that show independent assortment are said to be unlinked. Unlinked genes are genes located on different chromosomes or located far apart on the same chromosome that are unlikely to be inherited together during reproduction. In other words, they are…
The principle of complementation is a fundamental concept in genetics that refers to the ability of two different mutations in the same pathway or biological process to restore a wild-type phenotype when they are present together in the same organism.…
CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful gene editing tool that allows scientists to make precise and targeted changes to the DNA of an organism. Biochemically, Cas9 is a naturally occurring 160 Kilodalton protein in bacteria that is used to defend against invading viruses and…
Chaperones are specialized proteins that help to maintain proper protein folding and to prevent their aggregation during the synthesis and transport of protein molecules. Chaperones are proteins that interact with partially folded or misfolded proteins to guide them to the…
mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a type of RNA molecule functioning to carry genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. The information as a transcript is translated by ribosomes into a protein. mRNA basically is a linear sequence of nucleotides (the…
A lot of oxygen and energy are required by nerve cells. Through the blood, they receive both. This explains why there are typically many blood vessels crisscrossing nerve tissue. But what prevents vascular and neuronal cells from colliding as they…
Real-time analysis of RNA G-quadruplexes in active cells is now possible thanks to a novel microscopic technique, which has implications for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also referred to as Stephen Hawking’s disease and Lou…